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<text id=93CT1732>
<title>
Ireland--History
</title>
<history>
Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
Europe
Ireland
</history>
<article>
<source>CIA World Factbook</source>
<hdr>
History
</hdr>
<body>
<p> The Irish people are mainly of Celtic origin. The country's
only significant minority descends from the Anglo-Normans.
English is the common language, but Irish (Gaelic) also is an
official language and is taught in the schools. A national
literature in Irish is reemerging. Anglo-Irish writers--including Swift, Sheridan, Goldsmith, Burke, Wilde, Joyce,
Yeats, Shaw, and Beckett--have made a contribution to world
literature in the past 300 years disproportionate to the
island's population, influence, and wealth.
</p>
<p> What little is known of pre-Christian Ireland comes from a
few references in Roman writings, Irish poetry and myth, and
archeology. The earliest inhabitant--people of a mid-stone age
culture--arrived about 6000 B.C., when the climate had become
hospitable following the retreat of the polar icecaps. About
4,000 years later, tribes from southern Europe arrived and
established a high Neolithic culture in which gold ornaments
and huge stone monuments figured prominently. This culture
apparently prospered, and the island became more densely
populated. The bronze age people, who arrived during the next
1,000 years, produced elaborate gold and bronze ornaments and
weapons.
</p>
<p> The iron age arrived abruptly in the fourth century B.C. with
the invasion of the Celts, a tall, energetic people who had
spread across Europe and Great Britain in the preceding
centuries. The Celts, or Gaels, and their more numerous
predecessors divided into five kingdoms in which, despite
constant strife, a rich culture flourished. This society was
dominated by druids--priests who served as educators,
physicians, poets, diviners, and keepers of the laws and
histories.
</p>
<p> Tradition maintains that in A.D. 432, St. Patrick and his
followers arrived on the island and, in the years that followed,
worked to convert the people to Christianity. Probably a Celt
himself, St. Patrick preserved the tribal and social patterns
of the Celts, codifying their laws and only changing those that
conflicted with Christian practices. He also introduced the
Roman alphabet, which enabled Irish monks to preserve parts of
the extensive Celtic oral literature.
</p>
<p> Druidism collapsed in the face of the tireless presentation
of the new faith by St. Patrick and his successors, and Celtic
scholars soon excelled in the study of Latin learning and
Christian theology in the monasteries St. Patrick established.
Missionaries from Ireland spread news of this flowering of
learning, and scholars from other nations came to Irish
monasteries to escape the strife then ravaging the rest of
Europe. The excellence and isolation of these monasteries
helped preserve Latin learning during the Dark Ages. The arts
of illumination, metalwork, and sculpture flourished under the
new system and produced such treasures as the Book of Kells,
ornate jewelry, and the many carved stone crosses that dot the
island.
</p>
<p> This golden age of culture was interrupted by 200 years of
intermittent warfare with waves of Viking raiders who plundered
monasteries and towns even as they made their own contribution
by establishing Dublin and other seacoast towns. The Vikings
were defeated eventually, but even though the Irish were free
from invasion for 150 years, petty clan warfare continued to
drain their energies and resources.
</p>
<p> In the 12th century, Pope Adrian IV granted overlordship of
the island to Henry II of England, who began a struggle between
the Irish and the English that was to continue for more than
800 years and that has had effects lasting to the present day.
The Reformation exacerbated the oppression of the Roman
Catholic Irish, and, in the early 17th century, Scottish and
English Protestants were sent as colonists to the north of
Ireland and around Dublin.
</p>
<p> From 1800 to 1921, Ireland was an integral part of the United
Kingdom. Religious freedom was restored in 1829. Severe economic
depression and mass famine occurred when the potato crop failed
in the period 1846-48. In 1858 the Irish Republican Brotherhood
(IRB-also known as the Fenians) was founded as a secret society
dedicated to armed rebellion against the British. A
constitutional force for independence, the Home Rule Movement,
was created in 1874. Under the leadership of Charles Stewart
Parnell, this party was able to force British governments after
1885 to introduce several Home Rule bills, although these were
never adopted by Parliament. The turn of the century witnessed a
surge of interest in Irish nationalism, including the founding
of Sinn Fein as a political wing of the IRB.
</p>
<p> The outbreak of war in Europe in 1914 put Home Rule efforts
into cold storage for the United Kingdom, and in reaction,
Padraic Pearse and James Connolly led the unsuccessful Easter
Rising of 1916. The decision to execute several leaders of the
rebellion alienated public opinion and produced massive support
for Sinn Fein in the 1918 general election. Under the
leadership of Eamon De Valera, Sinn Fein constituted itself as
the first Dail. British attempts to smash Sinn Fein produced
the Anglo-Irish War of 1919-21, which ended in a truce.
</p>
<p> The Anglo-Irish treaty of 1921 established the Irish Free
State of 26 counties within the British Commonwealth and
recognized the partition Ireland as a temporary measure. The
six predominantly Protestant counties of northeast Ulster chose
to remain a part of the United Kingdom with limited
self-government. A significant Irish minority repudiated the
treaty settlement because of its opposition to partition.
Furthermore, they advanced the concept of "external
association" with the Commonwealth as an alternative to dominion
status. This opposition led to a civil war (1922-23), won by the
pro-treaty forces.
</p>
<p> In 1937, the forces initially opposed to the treaty had
gained control of the government, and a new Irish constitution
was enacted. The last British military bases were withdrawn,
and the ports were returned to Irish control. Ireland was
neutral in World War II. The government formally declared
Ireland a republic on Easter Monday 1948. However, it does not
normally use the term "Republic of Ireland," which tacitly
acknowledges the partition, but refers to the country simply as
"Ireland."
</p>
<p>Current Political Conditions
</p>
<p> In the last general election on February 17, 1987, no single
party won enough seats to form a majority government. However,
on March 10, 1987, a minority government composed of the single
largest party, Fianna Fail, took office, headed by Charles J.
Haughey as prime minister, or Taoiseach (pronounced
"TEE-shuck"). The two next largest parties in the Dail have so
far supported the minority government in its economic austerity
program. The next general election must be held by March 1992.
President Hillery is now in his second (and final) term of
office, with an election for a replacement scheduled for 1990.
</p>
<p> The Northern Ireland problem remains a key concern. The six
counties of Northern Ireland, an integral part of the United
Kingdom, comprise about 900,000 Protestants and 600,000
Catholics. Since 1968, when conflict again erupted between the
two groups, the status of Northern Ireland often has been the
dominant factor in Ireland's relations with its closest
neighbor.
</p>
<p> In May 1983, the Northern Ireland Social Democratic and Labor
Party joined the three major southern parties in a "New Ireland
Forum" to make recommendations aimed at a final peaceful
resolution of the "Irish question." In May 1984, the Forum
published an agreed nationalist position, reaffirming the aim of
a united Ireland to be pursued only by democratic means and on
the basis of agreement.
</p>
<p> Intense negotiations beginning in 1984 culminated in the
signature by Prime Ministers FitzGerald and Thatcher of the
Anglo-Irish Agreement on November 15, 1985, at Hillsborough,
Northern Ireland. In the landmark accord, the Irish Government
gained a formal voice in the governing of Northern Ireland on
behalf of the Catholic Nationalist community. The accord
provides for change in the status of Northern Ireland only with
the consent of a majority there but pledges support by both
governments if unity is desired by a majority in the future.
</p>
<p> The Anglo-Irish Agreement has provided a framework for
dialogue and a common approach to the issue by neighbors often
at odds in the past. The accord and the presence of Irish
Government representatives in the North are powerful symbols
for both nationalists and unionists. (The latter wishes to
remain part of the United Kingdom.) Reforms designed to lessen
the alienation of the nationalist minority community have been
introduced. The U.S. Congress authorized a 3-year, $120-million
contribution to the International Fund for Ireland in support of
the new process aimed at ultimate peace and reconciliation.
</p>
<p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
September 1988.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>